The all-female free divers of Jeju island have a ‘superpower’ in their genes : Shots

A pair years in the past, Melissa Ilardo discovered herself aboard a motorboat traversing the ocean round Jeju Island, which sits some 50 or 60 miles off the coast of South Korea. Earlier than the vessel had even come to a cease, an older lady in a wetsuit, fins and a masks stepped into the water. Two others adopted her.

These girls, whose plunge Ilardo captured on video, belong to an extended line of feminine freedivers on Jeju Island known as the Haenyeo.

They swam off, every with a web bag in tow to gather seafood to eat and promote. “Issues like abalone, sea urchins … seaweeds typically,” says Ilardo, an evolutionary geneticist on the College of Utah. The Haenyeo routinely dive in waters that she says are 50° Fahrenheit on the floor at greatest.

“One of many first occasions I used to be there,” Ilardo recollects, “it was snowing. They mentioned so long as there’s not a danger that they are going to be blown away to sea, then they nonetheless exit within the water, regardless of how chilly it’s.”

The ladies begin diving as women and proceed effectively into previous age, throughout all of life’s milestones. “They dive all through their complete being pregnant,” says Diana Aguilar-Gómez, a inhabitants geneticist at UCLA. “They are saying they only dive till mainly earlier than they offer beginning,” and are again within the water just a few days later.

Ilardo needed to know the way the Haenyeo are able to enduring such an excessive way of life, she says: “How evolution may need formed the Haenyeo to be higher divers, to dive extra safely, to dive for longer.”

In a research revealed in Cell Reports, Ilardo, Aguilar-Gómez, and their colleagues reveal the variations that make the Haenyeo’s superpower attainable. It is a mixture of physiological and genetic adjustments, a few of which seem to have had an impression on the whole inhabitants of Jeju Island.

A ‘foolish’ experiment with clear outcomes

Ilardo determined to match the Haenyeo to different aged girls on Jeju Island who aren’t divers however have an identical genetic background, and to nonetheless others off island who aren’t associated. There have been about 30 in every group.

A Haenyeo diver swims to catch turban shells and abalones on Nov. 6, 2015.

Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Photographs

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Chung Sung-Jun/Getty Photographs

There was one drawback: “You possibly can’t take 70-year-old girls who’ve by no means been diving and throw them within the open ocean,” says Ilardo.

Luckily, there is a workaround. It is known as a simulated dive. “You maintain your breath and put your face in a bowl stuffed with chilly water,” says Ilardo, “and your physique responds as should you’re diving. Your coronary heart price will drop measurably.”

The Haenyeo discovered the experiment slightly foolish. “They mentioned getting within the ocean, being underwater, that is diving. No matter that is, this is not diving,” recollects Ilardo. “However they nonetheless held their breath lengthy sufficient that we had been capable of elicit a response.”

That response was important: The Haenyeo coronary heart price fell by about 50% greater than their non-diving friends. “We had one diver whose coronary heart price dropped over 40 beats per minute in 15 seconds,” says Ilardo.

She concludes that that is basic physiological adaptation. That is as a result of the cohort of different girls from Jeju — the non-divers with comparable genetic make-up — did not expertise the identical drop in coronary heart price. The distinction between the 2 teams is because of a lifetime of diving expertise.

Pushing the physique to its limits

Subsequent, the researchers took saliva samples to search for genetic variations between the totally different teams. Everybody from Jeju — each the Haenyeo and the non-divers — had mainly the identical genes, which means that the folks of this island seem to have been genetically sculpted by generations of divers.

“What this means is that everyone in Jeju has an equally probably probability of being a descendant of a diver,” says Ilardo.

Two genes stood out within the evaluation. The primary one appears to be associated to chilly tolerance. “Perhaps that protects them from hypothermia in ways in which we do not absolutely perceive but,” she suggests.

The second gene was related to blood strain, probably linked to blood vessel construction and performance.

“Diving will increase your blood strain,” says Aguilar-Gómez, who did this work as a PhD scholar at UC Berkeley, “and significantly via being pregnant that may be very harmful. It could enhance your danger for preeclampsia,” and different doubtlessly life-threatening issues.

“Even should you did not die, in all probability girls that had been protected in opposition to this is able to be extra more likely to have extra kids,” she says, and extra more likely to move their protecting genes alongside.

As well as, Jeju Island has one of many lowest charges of stroke mortality in all of South Korea. And since stroke may result from hypertension, Ilardo thinks the low mortality could possibly be associated to this second protecting gene.

“Would not it’s wonderful if by finding out divers in Korea, we are able to translate these findings to develop a therapeutic that protects folks from stroke world wide?” says Ilardo. “By finding out these populations, it will probably result in discoveries that would have actually Essential implications for folks all over the place.”

Stephen Cheung research excessive physiology at Brock College in Canada and wasn’t concerned within the analysis. He says he finds the work fascinating. “By pushing the physique to its limits,” he says, “we get a greater sense of the place these limits are, but additionally simply what the human physique is able to.”

Ilardo says she and her crew returned to Jeju to share the outcomes with the Haenyeo — whose lifestyle is dwindling — and ensure they knew the top-line conclusion.

“These girls are extraordinary,” she says. “Their biology is wonderful and what they do is wonderful. And so I believe it is actually vital to rejoice simply how distinctive and particular these girls are — and the way it’s modified their our bodies and the our bodies of different folks on this island.”